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Table 1 Comparison between different strategies

From: Environment for integration of distributed heterogeneous computing systems

Papers

Comm. & sync.

Architectures

Application

Pros.

Cons.

Eidson et al. [7]

IEEE 1588 Network Time Protocol

Luminary Micro 8962

cyber-physical systems

A programming model for modeling distributed systems

Not allow the execution in distributed form of such systems

Jung et al. [8]

Developed by the authors

Any

Embedded devices communicating with cloud-computing server

Possibility to run real applications quickly without deploying a devices.

The model works only with virtual machines.

Vaubourg et al. [9]

Based on DEVS platform

Any

Simulation

The usage the TCP/IP network makes the possibility to work with a large scale of components.

Each component must be configured individually.

Van Tran et al. [10]

HLA

Any

Simulation

Enables to coordinate several parallel simulations as a distributed simulation system.

Focus on simulation, do not integrate heterogeneous architectures.

Gervais et al. [12]

HLA

Any

Simulation

This paper addresses the problem of achieving real-time performances with HLA.

It requires greater knowledge regarding the HLA.

Awais et al. [13]

FMI and HLA

Any

Systems embodying embedded software.

Enable a utilization of simulating multidisciplinary applications with several components of various types.

The solution is targeted only to embedded systems.

García-Valls et al. [15]

DDS

Raspberry Pi

Integration of DDS and Raspberry Pi

Analyzes the temporal behavior of the connectionamong embeddedcomputers and servers in the context.

Focus on simulation, do not integrate heterogeneous architectures.

García-Valls and Calva-Urrego [16]

Developed by the authors

Multicore

Middleware developed

A middleware with high degree of integration with the hardware platform.

Focus on simulation, do not integrate heterogeneous architectures.

García-Valls et al. [18]

IRMOS and RT-Xen

Virtual machines

Simulation

Reconfigurable middleware for real-time distributed services-based systems.

The model works only with virtual machines.

Park e Min [19]

HLA and DDS

Any

Gateway/ Middleware services into HLA

Integrates HLA and DDS middleware and allows network control for large scale of distributed simulation systems

Not concern distributed RTI structure to give a solution for bottleneck problem of HLA.

Brito et al. [20]

HLA

Any

Simulation

Development and evaluation of a distributed simulation platform of heterogeneous simulators

Delay on synchronization

Our work

Virtual Bus over HLA/RTI

Any

Distributed computing

Facility to send and receive data without the need to understand the HLA protocol.

In some applications, a large number of Federates could possibly decrease performance.